Electronics And Communication Engineering

TOPICS

2011-02-18T04:55:00.001-08:00

TOPICS

FOR MORE INFORMATION OF SOME TOPICS PLEASE USE BELOW LINKS

Basic Electronic Components

2011-02-18T04:41:00.000-08:00

Basic Electronic Components

Amplitude Modulation

2009-09-09T08:59:00.000-07:00

What is amplitude modulation

In order that a radio signal can carry audio or other information for broadcasting or for two way radio communication, it must be modulated or changed in some way. Although there are a number of ways in which a radio signal may be modulated, one of the easiest, and one of the first methods to be used was to change its amplitude in line with variations of the sound.

The basic concept surrounding what is amplitude modulation, AM, is quite straightforward. The amplitude of the signal is changed in line with the instantaneous intensity of the sound. In this way the radio frequency signal has a representation of the sound wave superimposed in it. In view of the way the basic signal "carries" the sound or modulation, the radio frequency signal is often termed the "carrier".

Amplitude Modulation, AM

When a carrier is modulated in any way, further signals are created that carry the actual modulation information. It is found that when a carrier is amplitude modulated, further signals are generated above and below the main carrier. To see how this happens, take the example of a carrier on a frequency of 1 MHz which is modulated by a steady tone of 1 kHz.

The process of modulating a carrier is exactly the same as mixing two signals together, and as a result both sum and difference frequencies are produced. Therefore when a tone of 1 kHz is mixed with a carrier of 1 MHz, a "sum" frequency is produced at 1 MHz + 1 kHz, and a difference frequency is produced at 1 MHz - 1 kHz, i.e. 1 kHz above and below the carrier.

If the steady state tones are replaced with audio like that encountered with speech of music, these comprise many different frequencies and an audio spectrum with frequencies over a band of frequencies is seen. When modulated onto the carrier, these spectra are seen above and below the carrier.

It can be seen that if the top frequency that is modulated onto the carrier is 6 kHz, then the top spectra will extend to 6 kHz above and below the signal. In other words the bandwidth occupied by the AM signal is twice the maximum frequency of the signal that is used to modulated the carrier, i.e. it is twice the bandwidth of the audio signal to be carried.

Amplitude demodulation

Amplitude modulation, AM, is one of the most straightforward ways of modulating a radio signal or carrier. The process of demodulation, where the audio signal is removed from the radio carrier in the receiver is also quite simple as well. The easiest method of achieving amplitude demodulation is to use a simple diode detector. This consists of just a handful of components:- a diode, resistor and a capacitor.

AM Diode Detector

In this circuit, the diode rectifies the signal, allowing only half of the alternating waveform through. The capacitor is used to store the charge and provide a smoothed output from the detector, and also to remove any unwanted radio frequency components. The resistor is used to enable the capacitor to discharge. If it were not there and no other load was present, then the charge on the capacitor would not leak away, and the circuit would reach a peak and remain there.

Advantages of Amplitude Modulation, AM

There are several advantages of amplitude modulation, and some of these reasons have meant that it is still in widespread use today:

It is simple to implement

it can be demodulated using a circuit consisting of very few components

AM receivers are very cheap as no specialized components are needed.

Disadvantages of amplitude modulation

Amplitude modulation is a very basic form of modulation, and although its simplicity is one of its major advantages, other more sophisticated systems provide a number of advantages. Accordingly it is worth looking at some of the disadvantages of amplitude modulation.

It is not efficient in terms of its power usage

It is not efficient in terms of its use of bandwidth, requiring a bandwidth equal to twice that of the highest audio frequency

It is prone to high levels of noise because most noise is amplitude based and obviously AM detectors are sensitive to it.

Summary

AM has advantages of simplicity, but it is not the most efficient mode to use, both in terms of the amount of space or spectrum it takes up, and the way in which it uses the power that is transmitted. This is the reason why it is not widely used these days both for broadcasting and for two way radio communication. Even the long, medium and short wave broadcasts will ultimately change because of the fact that amplitude modulation, AM, is subject to much higher levels of noise than are other modes. For the moment, its simplicity, and its wide usage, mean that it will be difficult to change quickly, and it will be in use for many years to come.

Computers and pheripherals

2009-09-06T07:55:00.000-07:00

End-Equipment Solutions

Find block diagrams, application notes, tools and software and other related information

The above details is taken from Texas instruments website for education .
Click on the respective web links for details.

Top Electronic Companies

2009-09-06T07:32:00.001-07:00

Top Electronic Companies :

ELECTRONICS

AMD

Apple

Avaya

Averatec

Cisco Systems

Dell

eMachines

Emerson Radio

Emerson Electric

Gateway

Hewlett-Packard

IBM

Intel

NVIDIA

Packard Bell

RCA

SGI

Sun Microsystems

Texas Instruments

Unisys

Zenith

Electronics Book materials, IEEE Explore Digital Library, download soft copies of electronics books

2009-09-06T07:14:00.000-07:00

Here are some of the web links from where you can download soft copies of electronics books :

http://www.alibaba.com/catalogs/502/Electronic_Components_Supplies.html

Best website for all the journals and magazines of latest technologies :

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/periodicals.jsp

Weblink for IEEE Explore Digital Library :

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/books/bkbrowse.jsp

Best Electronics sites

2009-09-05T08:09:00.000-07:00

What is Electronics?

Electronics is a branch of science and technology that deals with the flow of electrons through nonmetallic conductors, mainly semiconductors such as silicon.

check the weblink below for further details:

Electronics encyclopedia

Electronics Circuit Principles and Design

Here is the best website to know very details of electronics components and circuits

Electronics Circuit Principles and Design (1)

Electronics Circuit Principles and Design (2)

Electronics for you magazine

http://www.electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/default.asp

JNTU College , ECE Department

2009-09-05T07:48:00.000-07:00

JNTU College , ECE Department

Top Engineering Colleges of india

2009-09-05T07:39:00.000-07:00

Top Engineering colleges in india

Download JNTU ECE Syllabus Book For R07 Batch

2009-09-02T05:33:00.000-07:00

Download JNTU ECE Syllabus Book For R07 Batch

JAVA/OOPs Question Papers

2009-08-07T06:45:00.000-07:00

UNIT V
1 What is an exception? Give an example.
2 List the two distinct advantages of user define exceptions handling mechanisms?
3 How does “try… catch” mechanism handle an exception?
4 At which point in the program will the execution resume after the error is handled?
5 What the use is of Finally block, explain with example?
6 Explain the usage of throws using an example?
7 Differentiate between throws and throw keywords?
8 Why do we need custom exceptions, give reasons?
9 Briefly describe the method of defining and using a custom exception?
10 Write a java program to read 20 marks and store them in an array, Define your own exception named wrongmarkexception. Throw and catch this type of exception when a mark is <0>100.
11 The value of the correlation coefficient always lies between -1 and +1.Write a java program to define correlation exception in such a way that a wrong correlation coefficient will be reported. Enter the set of correlation coefficients and report wrong correlation coefficients.
12 List some of the most common exceptions that occur in java explain with examples?
13 Is it essential to catch all types of exceptions, Give reasons to your answer?
14 How many catch blocks can we use with one try block, Give reasons to your answer?
15 Create a try block that is likely to create 3 types of exceptions and then incorporate necessary catch blocks to catch and handle them appropriately?
16 Explain how exception handling mechanism can be used for debugging a program?
17 Write a java program to define nomatch exception that is thrown when the string of input is not “India”
18 Define thread? Name and explain different states in the lifecycle of threads?
19 Differentiate multiprocessing and multithreading? What is to be done to implement these in a program?
20 What java interface must be implemented by all threads, Explain with examples?
21 Explain the methods used for starting and stopping the threads?
22 How do we set priorities to threads, explain with example?
23 Describe the complete life cycle of threads?
24 What is synchronization, when do we use it in multithreading?
25 Write a java program for producer consumer problem to illustrate the concept of multithreading?
26 What is a deadlock? What harmful effect does it have?
27 Which methods are useful in effecting inter thread communication?
28 Explain about notify(), notifyall() and join() in threads?
29 Write a java program to generate square roots of the first 30 natural numbers using runnable interface?
30 Write a java code to define the thread in the thread class to find the factorials of first 20 natural numbers. Create an instance for the thread and activate it?
UNIT VI
1 What is an Event? Explain the role of Event handler in AWT?
2 What is a listener? What useful role does the listener play in AWT?
3 List and explain the different situations in which the Action Event is generated? Write the event handler for the Action Event?
4 List and explain the different situations in which the item Event is generated? Write the event handler for the item Event?
5 Define the purpose of the following Events
a) Focus Event
b) Text Event
c) Container Event
d) Window Event
e) Key Event
6 Mention and explain any five event handling methods for Mouse Event?
7 Mention and explain any five event handling methods for Window Event?
8 Mention and explain the event handling methods for Key Event?
9 List and explain about any five event listeners in AWT?
10 Describe briefly about delegation event model?
11 Explain about adapter classes in detail?
12 Mention and explain any five event handling methods for Component Event?
13 Mention and explain any five event handling methods for Container Event?
14 Explain any five methods used in container class?
15 What is a panel? How it is used for organizing the things in a controlled way?
16 Write a java code to explain frames in an AWT?
17 Are the classes frame and dialogs are subclasses of the window class? Explain.
18 List and explain about the various methods used in the font class?
19 List and explain about the various methods used in the colour class?
20 List and explain about the various drawing methods used in graphics class?
21 Write a java code to draw horizontal, vertical and diagonal lines by making use of graphics methods?
22 Write a java code to Rectangle, Square and Rhombus by making use of graphics methods?
23 Write a java code to draw Ellipses and Circles by making use of graphics methods?
24 Write a java code to draw Arcs and Sector, Semicircle by making use of graphics methods?
25 Write a java code to draw polygon of sides 5, 6, 7 and 8 by making use of graphics methods?
26 Write a java code to display the text “JNTUH” in various Colors?
27 Write a java code to display the text “JNTUH” in various Fonts?
28 Write a java code to explain the text alignment?
29 Write a java code to draw cone , cube and cylinder?
30 Write a java code to draw circle inside a square and a square inside a circle?
UNIT VII
1 Write a java code to explain the concept of Label control in AWT?
2 Write a java code to explain the concept of Buttons control in AWT?
3 Write a java code to explain the concept of Text fields control in AWT?
4 Write a java code to explain the concept of Text Area control in AWT?
5 Write a java code to explain the concept of Checkbox in AWT?
6 Write a java code to explain the concept of Checkbox group in AWT?
7 Write a java code to explain the concept of List control in AWT?
8 Write a java code to explain the concept of Choice control in AWT?
9 Write a java code to explain the concept of Scrollbars control in AWT?
10 Briefly explain the roles played by Menubar, Menu and Menuitem classes?
11 Write a java code to explain the concept of Flow Layout in AWT?
12 Write a java code to explain the concept of Border Layout in AWT?
13 Write a java code to explain the concept of Grid Layout in AWT?
14 Write a java code to explain the concept of Card Layout in AWT?
15 Write a java code to explain the concept of GridBag Layout in AWT?
16 What are the unique features of border layout?
How does the grid layout differ from the border layout? Explain.
17 Distinguish between the functionalities of choice and List controls?
18 Write a java code to explain about icons and Jlabel control in JApplet class of Swings?
19 Write a java code to explain JText field control in Swings?
20 Write a java code to explain JButton control in Swings?
21 Write a java code to explain JCheckBox control in Swings?
22 Write a java code to explain JRadioButton control in Swings?
23 Write a java code to explain JComboBox control in Swings?
24 Write a java code to explain JTabbedPane control in Swings?
25 Write a java code to explain JScrollPane control in Swings?
26 Write a java code to explain JTable control in Swings?
27 What is an Applet? Explain how does an Applet differ from the application?
28 Briefly Explain the Life cycle of an Applet?
29 With a sample java code explain the method of creating and executing an Applet?
30 Write an Applet to receive the value of the parameter message from the html file and display it on the webpage?
UNIT VIII
1 Briefly explain the utility of gethost(), getProtocol() and getPort() methods of the URL class?
2 What is socket how it is used in the networking?
3 Briefly explain the situations in which bindexception, connectedexception and NoroutetoHost exception are thrown?
4 What is an InetAddress? Write a java program to create an Inetaddress?
5 Explain briefly about the concept of TCP?
6 Describe briefly about the concept of UDP?
7 Write a server side program to send the sales figures for the six working days in a week to a client. Write the corresponding client program?
8 Suppose the sales data is available in the file named sales.dat. Write a java program to read the data from the file,extract the tokens and send them one by one over the net from a server to a client?
9 Write a server side program to send the name of a medical specialist. Write a client side applet to receive it and retrieve his phone number, return it to the server.
10 Write the client side applet to send the sales figure to the server. Write the server program to compute and send the commission
11 Write the server side program to send the message : send 83 lakhs immediately” to a client. Write the corresponding client program.
12 Write a server side program that receives the filename, retrieve it and send the contents of the file to the client. Write the corresponding client program?
13 Write a server side program that receives the filename from the client, retrieve its content and send the contents of the file to the client. Write the corresponding client program?
14 Develop a UDP based server side program to send the multiple lines of message to a client. Write the corresponding UDP based client side program.
15 Develop a UDP based client side program to send the sales data, one by one, to the server. Write the corresponding UDP based server side program
16 Write the UDP based client side program to send the radius of a circle to the server. Write the server side applet such that it receives the radius, computes the area and finally return it to the client.
17 Define and explain some of the methods in Collection interface in java.util package?
18 Define and explain some of the methods in List interface in java.util package?
19 Write a sample java code to demonstrate ArrayList class methods?
20 Write a sample java code to demonstrate LinkedList class methods?
21 Write a sample java code to demonstrate HashSet class methods?
22 Write a sample java code to explain any 5 methods of MAP interface in java.util package?
23 Write a sample java code to explain any 5 methods of Enumerated interface in java.util package?
24 Write a sample java code to demonstrate Vector class?
25 Write a sample java code to demonstrate Stack class?
26 Write a sample java code to demonstrate Dictionary and Hash table classes?
27 Write a sample java code to demonstrate Sting Tokenizer class?
28 Write a sample java code to demonstrate Date class methods?
29 Mention any 5 classes and its methods in java.io package?
30 Mention any 5 classes and its methods in java.net package?

JAVA/OOPs Question Papers

2009-08-07T06:40:00.000-07:00

UNIT I

Briefly explain the concept of encapsulation with an example

Bring out the importance of inheritance with the help of an example?

Why the concept of polymorphism is is considered to be very important Explain?

Briefly explain the salient features of java language?

What is stand alone application? Briefly explain the procedure of creating and executing a standalone application?

List 5 major differences between JAVA C and C++?

Explain how java is strongly associated with the Internet?

Explain how java is more secured than other languages?

What is a Buzzword? List and explain any 10 java buzzwords?

What is a data type? List any basic eight data types in java, explain them with examples?

What is a constant? Explain different types of constants used in java

What is a variable? Explain about the scope of variable in detail?

Write a program that reads the radius of a circle as input taken dynamically while running and then computes the circumference and area?

What is an operator? Explain various types of operators used in java?

Determine the value for each of the following expression if a=5, b=10, and c=-6

a) a>b && a

b) a && a>c

c) a<=c || b>a

d) b>15 && c>0 || a>0

e) (a/2==0 || b/2==0) && c<0

Why do we need control statement? Name and explain any five important control statements in java?

What does the break statement do? How it is used in the switch statement, explain with example?

How does do while differ from the while statement, Explain with an example?

Explain with example the use of break and continue statements in a “for” loop?

What is an array? Explain why arrays are usually processed with “for” loops?

Write a java program to print the following pattern using “for” loops

2 3

4 5 6

Given a number write a program using while loop to reverse the digits of a number?

For Example Input:12345 Output:54321

Write a java program to eliminate the duplicate elements from the given set of input elements

Sample input: 1 2 3 4 4 5 3 2

Sample Output: 1 2 3 4 5

Write a java program to find the nth smallest number in the given set of elements

Sample input 2 4 3 5 8 7 N=3

Sample output: The third smallest element is:4

Write a java program to sort the elements of the matrix in row wise

Sample input 1 3 2 sample output: 1 2 3

6 5 4 4 5 6

9 7 8 7 8 9

Write a java program to find the N prime numbers

Sample input:7

Sample output: 2 3 5 7 11 13 17

Write a java program to arrange the elements of the array in an ascending order

Write a java program to find the Fibonacci series

Fibonacci series 1 1 2 3 5 8…………

Define type casting? Explain typecasting with an example?

Write a java program to find the factorial of a given number?

UNIT II

What is a class? How does it accomplish data hiding explain with example?

What are objects? Explain with example how are object created from a class?

What are the three parts of a simple empty class explain with example?

What is a constructor? How do we invoke a constructor? What are its special properties?

What is a method? Explain in detail about method overloading?

What is the advantage of constructor overloading explain with example?

When do we declare the members of the class as static explain with example?

When do we declare a method or class as final explain with example?

When do we declare a method or class as abstract explain with example?

What is the advantage of using “this” keyword, explain?

What are the difference between constructor and a method explain with examples?

What do you mean by garbage collection, explain with example?

Explain about inner classes with an example?

Define a class method square as defined below

Data member: side

Methods : squarearea() To compute the area of a square

Squareperimeter() To compute the perimeter of a square

Within the main method of the class square create an object for the class square . Compute the area and perimeter by invoking the appropriate methods

Define a class method circle as defined below

Data member: radius

Methods : constructor()

circlearea() To compute the area of a circle

Within the main method of the class circle create an object for the class circle . Compute the area of circle when radius is 20 by invoking the appropriate methods

What is a string? Explain any of the five string methods with syntax and examples?

Write a java program to arrange the array of strings in an alphabetical order

Write a java program to find whether the given string is a palindrome or not

Sample Input: MALAYALAM

(Note: reversing a string should be the same as input)

Explain about string bufferclass with example?

Explain streamtokenizer and its methods with an example?

Explain the following methods of strings with examples

a) charAt()

b) IndexOf()

Explain the following methods of strings with examples

a) getChars()

b) getBytes()

Explain the various methods involved in strings to extract the substrings?

Write a java program to convert the uppercase letters to lowercase and vice versa

Sample Input: jntu uNIVERSITY

Sample Output JNTU University

Describe the various methods used for character replacements in a string?

Explain the various methods used for comparison of strings?

Explain the following methods of stringBuffer class examples

a) capacity()

b) insert()

Write a java program to find all possible combinations for a given string

Sample Input: abc

Sample output: abc bac cab acb bca cba

Write a java program to find the number of characters, words in a given string

Sample Input: JNTU Hyderabad

Sample output:No of characters:13 No of words:2

Write a program the reads a string and rewrite it in alphabetical order

Sample Input: STRING Sample Output: GINEST

UNIT III

Write a program to explain how variables are inherited in a class?

Write a program and explain the concept of hiding a variable?

With the help of a java program explain the use of the super keyword?

Write a java program to illustrate the inheritance of methods?

What are the various types of inheritance, Explain with examples?

Write a java program to explain the concept of method overriding?

Explain how super keyword is used in overriding the methods?

Explain the use of super() method in invoking a constructor?

What is an Abstract classes, Explain with examples?

Write a java program to illustrate the use of Abstract methods?

Write a java program to illustrate the impact of final modifier?

Define the concept of base class and derived class with a sample java program?

When does a base class variable get hidden, Give reasons?

Explain with an example how we can access a hidden base class variable?

Describe the syntax of single inheritance in java?

Compare and contrast overriding and overloading methods?

Explain with example when do we declare a method or class final?

Explain with example when do we declare a method or class abstract?

What is inheritance how does it help us in creating new classes quickly?

How do we pass the arguments in the constructor of a base class Explain with example?

Write a program to find the area of a rectangle using the concept of method overriding?

Explain the member access rules in detail?

How do we implement dynamic method dispatch, Explain with a sample java program?

Explain the concept of object class in detail?

Write a sample java program to explain about defining and using static members?

Explain the Nesting of methods in detail with an example?

What is multilevel inheritance, Explain?

Explain Hierarchal Inheritance with an example?

Explain in detail about finalizer methods()?

Write a java program to find the area of a circle using the concept of super keyword and super method?

UNIT IV
1	What is an Interface? Explain the structure of interface with an example?
2	With an example explain how interfaces are implemented?
3	With a sample program explain the concept of Inference Inheritance?
4	Define package and show how the packages are implemented?
5	With the help of a java program illustrate the concept of import statement?
6	Write a java program to illustrate the package access control Identifiers?
7	Write a java program to illustrate the public access control modifier?
8	Explain how is the concept of interface used to indirectly represent the multiple inheritances?
9	What do you mean by multiple inheritance of an interface Explain?
10	With a java program explain about extending interfaces concept?
11	Write a java program to show how the interface variables are accessed?
12	What are the major differences and similarities between interface and a class explain?
13	Discuss the various levels of access protections available for the packages and their implementations?
14	Name and explain about any 5 built in packages?
15	Explain about the naming conventions used for a package?
16	With a sample java program explain how a class is added to a package?
17	With a sample program explain concepts used for designing a package?
18	How do we add a class or an interface to a package?
19	Explain with an example to show how the methods in a package are accessed?
20	Explain the concept of Understanding there CLASS PATH?

Standard Text Books For JNTU ECE Students

2009-07-19T01:52:00.000-07:00

1 Electronics Devices and Circuits U.A.Bakshi A.P.Godse Technical Publications
2 Linear Integrated Circuits D.Roy
3. Op-amps And Linear IC’s Ramakanth.A.Gayakwad
4. Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Ckts R.F.Coughlin and Fredrick Driscall
5 Linear IC Applications U.A.Bakshi A.P.Godse Technical Publications
6. Design With Op-amps &Analog Integrated Circuits sergio Franco
7 Digital Design M.MorrisMano Pearson Publications
8. Digital Logic Design A.P.Godse D.A.Godse Technical Publications
9 Pulse And digital Circuits A.Anand Kumar PHI
10 Pulse And digital Circuits J.Milman and H.Taub McGrawHill
11 Signals & Systems B.P.Lathi BSPublications
12 Signals & Systems Simon Haykins
13 Mechatronics W.Boltan Pearson Education 3rdedition
14 Manuals On Mechatronics —– Cyber Motion Technologies
15 Digital Signal Processors VenkataRamani And Bhaskar Tata McGrawHill
16 Antenna Theory C.A.Balanis John WileyEdu
17 Digital Signal Processing P. RameshBabu Scitech Publications
18 Digital System Design by using VHDL Roth Thomsan India Limited
19 Integrated Electronics Milman And Halkias Tata McGrawHill
20 Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory Boylested Pearson Education
21 Digital Communications Simon Haykins Wiley India Pvt
22 Principles Of communication Systems H.Taub and D.Schiling TMH
23 Communication systems Analog & Digital Singh & Sapre Thomsan India Ltd
24 Modern Analog &Digital Communication B.P.Lathi Oxford reprint 3rdedition,2004
25 Digital & Analog Communication Systems K.Samshanmugam Wiley India PVT
26 Electronic CirCuit Analysis A.P.Godse U.A.Bakshi Technical Publications
27 Electronic CirCuit Analysis K.Lalkishore BSPublications
28 Micro Electronic Circuits Analysis & Design M.H.Rashid Thomsan PWS
29 Optical Fiber Communications Gerd Kaiser(3rd&4thedition) McGrawHill
30 Optical Fiber Communications John.M.Senior PHI
31 Introduction to Radar Systems Skolnik(2nd edition) McGrawHill
32 Introduction to Neural Networks using MATLABS.N. ShivanandamS.N.DeepaS.Sumathi TMH
33 Elements of Artificial Neural Networks KishanMehrotraChelukuri.k.mohanSanjay ranka Pearson Publications
34 Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems J.M.Zurada(3rdedition) Jaico Publishers
35 Electronic Instrumentation(2ndedition) H.S.Kalsi
36 Measuring Systems, Applications&Design E.O.Doeblin(4thedition) McGrawHill
37 Electronic Measurements&Instrumentation K.LalKishore Pearson education
38 Principles of Electrical& Electronic Engineering V.K.Mehta S.Chand&Co
39 Digital Image Processing R.C.Gonzalez&R.E.Woods Pearson publications
40 Fundamentals Of Digital Image Processing A.K.Jain PHI
41 Digital Image Processing using MATLAB R.C.Gonzalez&R.E.Woods Pearson education
42 Digital Image Processing William.K.Pratt(3rdedition) JohnWiley
43 Fundamentals of Electronic Image Processing WeeksJr Spic/IEEESeriesPHI
44 Probability, Random Variables &Random signal Processing Z.Peebles(4thedition)TMH
45 Probabilty, Random Variables&Stochastic Processes AthanasiosPapoulis(4thedition PHI
46 Probabilty,statistics and RandomrocessesP.Guruswamy&K.MurugesonAnuradhaPublishers
47 Stastical Theory of Communication S.P.Engine Xavier New Age Publications
48 Probabilty theory of &stochastic Processand its applications T.VeeraRajan

Radar Systems Question Papers

2009-07-19T01:46:00.000-07:00

UNIT I
1. Draw the block diagram of a Pulsed radar and explain its operation
2. Write the relative factors between the radar’s cross section of the target and its true cross sections
3. Derive basic radar’s equation
4. Explain about the frequencies used for radar
5. Discuss in detail the choice of various parameters that are affecting the radar range
6. Derive the range equation and discuss about its limitations
7. what do you understand by false alarm
8. A pulsed radar operating at 10GHz has an antenna with a gain of 28dB and a transmitter power of 2KW . If it is defined to detect a target with a cross section of 12sq.m and the minimum detectable signal is Pmin= -90dBm. What is the maximum range of the radar
UNIT II
1. What is meant by minimum detectable signal in radar. Discuss the effects of integration of radar pulses
2. What are the desirable pulse characteristics and the factors that govern them in a radar system
3. Discuss about detection of signals in noise
4. Describe the different noise components present in radar systems
5. Explain about PRF and range ambiguities
6. Explain about radar cross section of targets
UNIT III
1. Explain about Doppler effect
2. Explain the operation of CW radar with neat block diagram
3. derive the expression for the velocity of the target when the target is moving away from the radar in the case FM-CW radar
4. an 8GHZ Police radar measures a Doppler frequency of 1788HZ from a car approaching the stationary police vehicle in an 80 km/h speed limit zone .what should the police officer do?
5. Differentiate the operation of pulse radar from simple CW radar
6. Draw the block diagram of non coherent MTI radar and explain the function of each block in detail
7. Explain the advantages of non coherent MTI Radar
8. Explain the applications of CW radar.
9. Explain the principle of Doppler effect and its application CW radar.
10. Derive an expression for unambiguous range of a two frequency CW radar.
UNIT IV
1) Explain the principle of operation FM –CW altimeter with suitable diagrams.
2) Determine the beat frequency due to range and the quantization error if range=100m, and the frequency excursion is 75Hz and modulating frequency is 1Khz.
3) Explain the operation of sideband superhetreodyne CW Doppler radar with block diagram.
4) Explain how the noise signals are limiting the performance of FM-altimeter .
5) What are advantages and disadvantages of FM-CW radar over multiple frequency CW radar.
UNIT V
1) A simple MTI delay line canceller is an example of time domain filter .Why? Explain.
2) Enumerate the advantage of the time delay line canceller as compared to the convention frequency domain filter.
3) Draw the bloc diagram of four pulse canceller and find the weight for the same.
4) Differentiate three- pulse canceller from four pulse canceller.
5) Description of Range gate Doppler filters.
6) Differentiate blind phases from blind speeds.
7) Explain the effect of Doppler frequency ‘fd’ for the stationary objects and moving targets.
8)Explain the butterfly effect that is produced by MTI.
9) Draw and explain frequency response characteristics of a MTI using range gates and filters.
10) How does MTI radar differ from CW radar?
11) How does MTI radar differ from pulse Doppler radar?
12. What is the distinctive feature that makes the MTI radar and Pulse Doppler to differ ?
UNIT VI
1) Explain Tracking Principles
2) Explain the block diagram of amplitude comparison monopulse radar for single angular coordinate and explain its operation
3).Explain phase comparison monopulse tracking radar technique
4).Explain the block diagram of AGC portion of tracking radar receiver
5).Explain about sequential Lobing
6).What are the advantages of monopulse radar over conical scan radar?
7).Distinguish between search radar and tracking radar?
8).Compare the tracking techniques
9).How is radar target acquired in a typical radar?
UNIT VII
1).Explain the characteristics of a matched filter receiver with necessary equations
2).Explain about matched and non –matched filters
3).Explain the characteristics of a cross –correlation receiver with a block diagram
4)Derive and explain the efficiency of non-matched filters
5).Explain about matched filter with non –white noise
UNIT VIII
1).Define the following terms
a)noise figure b)noise temperature c)system noise
2).Explain various types of radar displays
3).Three networks units ,each of 6db noise figure and 10db, 6db and 3db gains respectively are cascaded.Determine the Overall noise figure of the system.
4).Explain different types of Duplexers
5).Explain about Phased Array Antennas.

Pulse And Digital Circuits Questions Papers

2009-06-10T02:47:00.000-07:00

Unit-1
1. What is linear wave shaping? Give some examples.
2. Draw the low pass RC circuit and explain its working.
3. How a Low Pass RC circuit is used in linear wave shaping?
4. Find the lower cut of frequency of a low-pass circuit?
5. Derive an expression for the upper cut-off frequency of a low pass circuit.
6. Derive an expression for the output of low pass circuit excited by a step input.
7. Derive an expression for the rise time of the output of a low-pass circuit excited by a step input
8. Define the rise time and write the expression of it.
9. How does a low-pass circuit reserve the pulse shape?
10. Derive an expression for the output voltage levels under steady state conditions of a low pass circuit excited by a ramp input
11. Derive an expression for the output of a low-pass circuit excited by an exponential input.
12. Explain how a low pass circuit act as an integrator?
13. Show that low-pass circuit with a large time constant acts as an integrator.
14. Draw the response of a low pass circuit with small, medium and large time constants when input is square wave.
15. Draw the high-pass circuit and explain its working.
16. How a High RC circuit is used in linear wave shaping?
17. Find the upper cut of frequency of a high-pass circuit?
18. Derive an expression for the lower cut-off frequency of a High pass circuit.
19. Derive an expression for the output of high pass circuit excited by a step input.
20. Derive an expression for the rise time of the output of a high-pass circuit excited by a step input
21. How does a high-pass circuit reserve the pulse shape?
22. Derive an expression for the output voltage levels under steady state conditions of a high pass circuit excited by a ramp input
23. Derive an expression for the output of a high-pass circuit excited by an exponential input.
24. Explain how a high pass circuit act as a differentiator?
25. Draw the response of a High pass circuit with small, medium and large time constants when input is square wave.
26. Why is the capacitor in an RC high-pass circuit called a blocking capacitor?
27. Which type of RC circuit is called a capacitive coupling circuit? Draw the circuit diagram of it.
28. What must be the time constant of a high-pas circuit for the output to be in the form of a tilt for a square wave input?
29. What must be the time constant for a high pass circuit for the output to be in the form of spikes for a square wave input?
30. Derive an expression for the percentage tilt of the output of a high pass circuit with large time constant excited by a symmetrical square wav with zero average value.
31. Why does the output of a high-pass circuit contain zero dc value independent of the dc value of the input?
32. Show that for any periodic input waveform, the average level of the steady-state output waveform of the RC high-pass circuit is always zero independent of the dc value of the input?
33. How can the rate of rise of a pulse be measured by using a differentiator?
34. Draw and explain the response of RL circuit for a step input
35. Draw and explain the response of RLC circuit for a step input
36. Draw and explain the response of ringing circuit for a step input
37. Why are RC circuits commonly used compared to RL circuits?
38. Explain perfect compensation, over compensation and under compensation.
39. Why does a resistive attenuator need to be compensated?
40. Why the initial voltage distribution in an attenuator determined by the capacitors?
41. Why is the final voltage distribution in an attenuator determined by the resistors?
42. If the output of an attenuator is 1/10 of its input, what is the rise time of the output ?
Unit-II
1.What are the clipping circuits? Give some examples
2.How the clipping circuits are used in non-linear wave shaping?
3.Why should the resistance in the clipping circuit be chosen as the geometric mean of the diode forward and reverse resistances?
4.( a )What is the disadvantage of having a diode as a series element in a clipper?
( b ) What are the other names of clipping circuits?
5.With the help of a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of an emitter-coupled clipper.
6.What is a comparator? How it is used?
7.Distinguish between comparators and clipping circuits.
8.( a )What are the applications of voltage comparators?
( b ) What is the disadvantage of having a diode as a shunt element in a clipper?
9. What do you mean by a regenerative comparator? Give an example.
10.What do you mean by a non-regenerative comparator? Give an example
11.Draw a circuit to transmit that part of a sine wave which is below +6V and explain its working
12. Draw a circuit to transmit that part of a sine wave which is below -5V and explain its working
13. Draw a circuit to transmit that part of a sine wave which lies between +4V and +8V and explain its working
14. Draw a circuit to transmit that part of a sine wave which lies -3V and +6V and explain its working
15. Draw a circuit to transmit that part of a sine wave which lies between -4V and -7V and explain its working
16. Draw the emitter coupled clipper circuit and explain its operation
17. What do you mean by a two-way clamp and how it differ for one-way clamp?
18. What is clamper? How it is used in Non-linear wave shaping?
19. Why is clamping circuit also called dc inserter?
20. What do you mean by clamping? What the other names of a clamping circuit?
21. What is positive clamping and explain it with suitable circuit.
22. What is negative clamping and explain it with suitable circuit.
23. Derive the relation between the tilts in the forward and reverse directions of the output of a clamping circuit excited by a square-wave input.
24. State and prove the clamping circuit theorem
25. What is the difference between clamping and clamping ?
26. What do you mean by biased clamping?
27. ( a ) What are the limitations of practical clamping circuit?
( b ) What do you mean by biased clamping?
28. A 100V peak square wave with an average value of 0V and a period of 20ms is to be negatively clamped at 25V. Draw the input and output waveforms and necessary circuit diagram.
29. Draw the four diode Clipping circuits using the diode appears as a shunt and series element
30. Draw a circuit diagram of double-diode clipper which limits at two independent levels and explain it with its transfer characteristics.
31. What are the different schemes for temperature compensation of clipper? Explain them briefly.
32. Draw the circuit diagram of a diode differentiator comparator and explain its working
33. What are the applications of voltage comparators?
34. What type of difficulties are there in practical clamping circuit? How to overcome these.

Unit-III
1.( a ) Name the devices that can be used as switches.
( b ) Define a storage time and transition time of a diode
2.Explain how a diode act as a switch?
3.Define a diode forward recovery time and reverse recovery time.
4.Explain how a transistor acts as a switch?
5.( a ) When does a transistor act as a closed switch and an open switch?
( b ) Define a rise time and fall time of a transistor switch.
6.What is delay time and storage time of a transistor? What factors does contribute to it?
7.Write a short notes on a diode switching times.
8.Write a short notes on a transistor switching times.
9.A rectangular pulse of voltage is applied to the base of a transistor driving it from cut-off to saturation. Discuss the various times involved in the switching process.
10. How are the junctions of a transistor biased for cut-ff, active and saturation regions of operations?
11. Prove that the total turn-on time of a transistor is the sum of the delay time and the rise time.
12. Explain how a transistor acts as a closed switch in saturation region?
13. Explain how a transistor acts as a open switch in cut off region?
14. Draw and Explain the piece-wise linear characteristics of a diode.
15. Explain briefly about the breakdown voltages of a transistor.
16. Define collector to emitter breakdown voltage and Write its equation in terms of hFE.
17. For an npn Ge transistor( n=6 , hFE=50) and BVCBO is about 20V /Find the collector to emitter breakdown voltage?
18. Explain the design procedure of Transistor Switch.
19. For a CE transistor circuit with VCC = 15V, Rc=1.5K ohms, calculate the transistor power dissipation at open and closed positions.
20. Explain the variation of saturation parameters of transistor with temperature?
21. Explain the variation of VBE(sat) and VCE(sat) of transistor with temperature.
22. For a common emitter circuit, Vcc = 15V , RC =1.5Kohms and IB=0.3mA. Determine the value of hFE(min) for saturation to occur.
23. Sketch the typical transistor common-emitter characteristics. Identify the various regions of the characteristics and show how VCE(sat) differs with different load resistances.
24. A common emitter circuit has Vcc=20V and a collector resistor which can be either 20Konms to 2Kohms. Calculate the minimum level of base current to achieve saturation in each case.
25. Derive the expression for fall time of transistor switch.
26. Derive the expression for rise time of transistor switch.
27. Draw the collector waveform of transistor switch and indicate all the time intervals.
28. What the factors that contribute the delay time of transistor switch?
29. Define the storage time constant and how it is related to storage time of transistor switch?
30. Why a charge compensating capacitor is used in diode switch?
Unit-IV
1.( a ) What is a Bistable circuit? What are the other names of a bistable multivibrator?
( b ) What are the applications of a bistable multivibrator?
2.( a ) What do you mean by the term ‘loop gain’?
3.Explain how a constant output swing can be obtained in a binary?
4.What are the commutating capacitors? Why these are used in binary?
5.What do you mean by transition time? How it can be reduced?
6.Define the resolving time, settling time and resolution time.
7.What are the methods of improving the resolution of a binary?
8.Explain the working of non-saturated binary.
9.What is a non saturated binary? What are the advantages and disadvantages of it?
10.compare the saturated and non-saturated binary.
11.What is unsymmetrical triggering ? where is it used?
12.What is necessity of triggering ? What are the different types of triggering?
13.Compare symmetrical and unsymmetrical triggering.
14. Explain any one method of unsymmetrical triggering of a binary?
15. Explain any one method of symmetrical triggering of a binary?
16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a direct-connected binary?
17. What is a Schmitt trigger? What are the applications of it.
18. With the help of neat circuit diagram and waveforms, explain the working of a Schmitt trigger.
19. Define the terms upper triggering point and lower triggering point with the help of waveforms
20. How can hysteresis be eliminated in a Schmitt trigger?
21. Define the terms: stable state, quasi stable state, dc coupling and ac coupling
22. Compare ac coupling and dc coupling in Multivibrator.
23. Define the terms UTP and LTP of a Schmitt trigger and explain how these are varied?
24. Why is monostable multivibrator also called a gating circuit and give its applications.
25. Why is monostable multivibrator also called a delay circuit and draw its circuit diagram.
26. With the help of neat circuit diagram explain the working of a collector coupled Monostable multivibrator.
27. Derive an expression for the gate width of monostable multivibrator.
28. Derive the expression for the gate width of a monostable multivibrator considering the effect of reverse saturation current.
29. What type of triggering is used in a monostable multivibrator? Draw the circuit of it.
30. With the help of a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of an emitter coupled monostable multivibrator.
31. With the help of a neat circuit diagram explain the working of an astable multivibrator
32. Draw and explain the base and collector waveforms of an Astable multivibrator.
33. Draw and explain the base and collector waveforms of a monostable multivibrator.
34. Draw and explain the base and collector waveforms of an bistable multivibrator.
35. Derive an expression for the frequency of oscillations of an astable multivibrator.
36. Show that an astable multivibrator can be used as a voltage to frequency converter.
37. What is blocked condition in an astable multivibrator? How to overcome it?
38. Draw the circuit of the gated astable multivibrator with vertical edges.
39. Draw the circuit of the gated astable multivibrator and explain how it works?
40. Draw the circuit of the astable multivibrator which does not block.
Unit-V
1.What is a voltage time base generator and compare it with a current time-base generator.
2.What is a current time-base generator and compare it with linear time-base generator.
3.compare voltage, current and linear time-base generators.
4.Why are time-base generators called a sweep generators and what are the applications of it?
5.Define the sweep time and restoration time for time-base generators.
6.Define the terms slope error, displacement error and transmission error.
7.How the slope error, displacement error and transmission error are related for an exponential sweep circuit?
8.Derive the relation between slope error, displacement error and transmission error.
9.Explain briefly the methods of generating a time-base waveform.
10.What are the methods of generating a time-base waveform? Explain any one of it.
11.With the help of a neat circuit diagram explain the working of a simple transistor current time-base generator.
12.with the help of a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of a transistor constant current sweep circuit.
13.Explain the basic principles of Miller and Bootstrap time-base generators.
14.Compare Miller and Bootstrap time-base generators.
15.With the help of a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of a transistor Miller time base generator.
16.With the help of a neat circuit diagram and waveforms , explain the working of a transistor bootstrap time base generator.
17.How are linearly varying current waveforms generated?
18.With the help of a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of a simple current sweep.
19.What type of voltage input is required to obtain a linear current sweep? Draw the circuit diagram of any type of linear current sweep generator.
20.How is linearity corrected through adjustment of the driving waveform for a current time-base generator.
21.With the help of a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of a transistor current time base generator.
22.Prove that when restoration time is zero, we get a saw-tooth output waveform.
23.Explain how the deviation from linearity is expressed.
24.Prove that when the deviation from linearity is small then the slope error is twice the transmission error.
25.Prove that when the deviation from linearity is small then the slope error is eight times than the displacement error.
26.Prove that when the deviation from linearity is small then the transmission error is four times than the displacement error.
27.( a ) Why an operational integrator is used in Miller circuit?
( b ) What type of currents are required for magnetic deflection applications?
28.How the linearity is improved in Miller and bootstrap circuits?
29. Compare the Miller and Bootstrap circuits.
30. How a linearly varying current waveform can be generated from a linearly varying voltage waveform?
Unit-VI
1.What is synchronization? Why it is necessary in waveform generators?
2.Explain the principle of synchronization.
3.What is the one-to one basis synchronization?
4.Explain the synchronization with frequency division.
5.Give some examples of synchronization with frequency division.
6.What is a relaxation circuit? Give a few examples of it.
7.How the negative-resistance devices used as relaxation oscillators?
8.With the help of a neat circuit diagram explain synchronization of a sweep generator with plus signals.
9.How does the synch signal affect the frequency of operation of the sweep generator?
10.What is the condition to be met for pulse synchronization?
11.With the help of a neat waveforms, explain frequency division with respect to a sweep circuit.
12.With the help of a circuit diagram and waveforms, explain frequency division by an astable blocking oscillator.
13.With the help of a circuit diagram , explain frequency division by an astable multivibrator.
14. Draw and explain the waveforms of a frequency division by an astable multivibrator.
15. what is the condition to be met form pulse synchronization of monostable circuits?
16. Explain the use of monostable relaxation device as a divider.
17. Explain the synchronization of a sweep circuit with symmetrical signals.
18. With the help of neat waveforms, explain sine wave frequency division with a sweep circuit.
19. Compare sine-wave synchronization with pulse synchronization.
20. How many types of synchronization methods are available? Explain them briefly.
21. Explain how to achieve a synchronization in the generators operate at different frequencies?
22. Explain how synchronization is achieved in counting circuits?
23. Explain the mechanism of synchronization in relaxation devices.
24. What type synchronization is used when the interval between pulses is less than or equal to the natural period of the wave form generator? Explain it briefly.
25. Explain the synchronization with symmetrical signals.
26. Prove that the range of synchronization increases with increasing sync signal amplitude.
27. Draw and explain a block diagram and waveforms for a divider without phase jitter.
28. What is phase jitter? How to reduce it in frequency division?
29. What are the various factors that affect on phase delay?
30. Explain a method of frequency division by a factor of 2 in a sweep generator.
31. Explain how the synchronization of a generator will depend on the interval between pulses and natural period?
Unit-VII
1. What is a sampling gate? What are the applications of it?
2. Why are sampling gates are called linear gates? what are the other names of it?
3. How do sampling gates differ from logic gates? Draw the circuit diagram of unidirectional sampling gate.
4. Draw the circuit diagram of unidirectional sampling gate and explain its working.
5.Draw the circuit diagram of bidirectional sampling gate and explain its working.
6.What is pedestal? What are the effects of it in sampling gates?
7.Compare unidirectional and bidirectional sampling gates.
8.What are the draw backs of two-diode gates and how to overcome it?
9.With help of a neat diagram, explain the working of bidirectional gates using transistors.
10.With help of a neat diagram, explain the working of a two-diode sampling gate.
11.What is the gain of a gate? Derive expression for gain of a two-diode sampling gate.
12.Derive the expression for Vcmin of a two-diode sampling gate.
13.Derive the expression for Vnmin of a two-diode sampling gate.
14.With the help of a neat diagram, explain the working of a four-diode gate.
15. raw and explain the circuit diagram of a six-diode gate
16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the unidirectional diode gate?
17. Explain the basic principle of sampling gates.
18. Draw the circuit diagram of the unidirectional diode gate for more than on input signal and explain its working
19. Explain how the loading of the control signal is reduced when the number of inputs increases?
20. Draw the circuit diagram of a unidirectional gate which delivers an output only at a coincidence of a number of control voltages and explain its working.
21. Explain how to cancel a pedestal in a sampling gate with suitable circuit diagram.
22. What are the drawbacks of a circuit which is used to eliminate a pedestal?
23. Draw the bidirectional diode sampling gate in the form of a bridge network and explain its working.
24. Write the expressions for Vcmin and Vnmin for a four-diode sample gate.
25. For the four diode gate with a divider resistance R=100Ω, VS=25V, Rf=20 R = RC = 200KΩ. Find VCmin and Vnmin?
26. Explain how a sampling gate is used in chopper amplifier?
27. Explain how a sampling gate is used in Sampling Scope?
28. What is the application a chopper amplifier? How a sampling diode is used in it?
29. What are the applications of sampling gates? Explain any one of it with a neat circuit diagram.
30. Derive the expression for Vcmin of a bidirectional sampling gate.
31. Derive the expression for Vnmin of a bidirectional sampling gate.
Unit-VIII
1. Draw a diode OR circuit for negative logic and explain how it works.
2. Explaln how a OR circuit acts a buffer circuit?
3. Draw a diode OR circuit for positive logic and explain how it works.
4. What is positive logic and negative logic in digital systems?
5. Explain the influence of shunt capacitance on the output pulse of OR gate.
6. Eplain the influence of diode internal capacitance on the output pulse of OR gate.
7. Explain how a bit is recognized in a dynamic logic system?
8. Explain the operation of OR gate with the help of truth table
9. Explain the operation of AND gate with the help of truth table
10. Draw a diode AND circuit for negative logic and explain how it works.
11. Draw a diode AND circuit for positive logic and explain its works.
12. Compare the operation of AND gate in positive and negative logics.
13. Compare the operation of OR gate in positive and negative logics.
14. What is logical noise? How to reduce it in AND gate?
15. Explain the purpose of a clamping diode in AND gate?
16. The following are the design parameters for a diode logic AND circuit in positive logic : source resistance RS, diode forward resistance Rf , diode break-point voltage Vγ and m number of inputs are at V(1) out of total n inputs. Find the expression for the output?
17. Why direct coupling is preferable to capacitive coupling in diode logics ?
18. Draw the Inverter for transistor logic and explain its working.
19. How to improve the transient response of the inverter?
20. What are the various transistor limitations in designing transistor inverters?
21. Draw the circuit diagram for a positive logic AND circuit in diode transistor logic and explain its working
22. What is LLL? How it is related to DTL logic?
23. Draw the circuit diagram of a positive NAND gate in DTL logic and explain its working.
24. How a NOR gate can be constructed using OR and NOT gates in DTL logic?
25. What are the basic gates can be constructed in DTL logic and write its truth tables?
26. Explain how a positive logic can be converted into a negative logic?
27. Draw an inverter for negative logic and explain the working of it with truth table
28. How the rise time is improved in AND gate using diodes?
29. Why a AND gate is called coincidence circuit?
30. Why a OR gate is called mixing gate?

Analog Communication Question Papers

2009-06-10T02:36:00.000-07:00

UNIT-V (NOISE)
1.Define Noise, Figure of Merit, and Signal to Noise ratio. List out the assumptions of Noise calculation in communication system.
2.Give the general representation of noise in communication system and Calculate the power spectral density of it.
3.Calculate the power spectral density of Noise in case of DSB-SC and also calculate Figure of merit.
4.Calculate the power spectral density of Noise in case of SSB-SC and also calculate Figure of merit.
5.Calculate Figure of merit in case of Amplitude modulated wave.
6.Prove that for very low noise case Envelope detection method is identical to synchronous detection.
7.Explain Envelop detection method for high Noisy case.
8.Calculate Figure of merit in case of Non linear demodulation.
9.Compare Non linear demodulation and Synchronous detection with the help of equations.
10.Give the block diagram of Frequency demodulation and calculate Figure of merit for it.
11.Bring out the relationship between AM and FM Noise performance.
12. Explain the phasor diagram of FM Noise.
13.What is threshold effect in FM? What is the technique to improve the threshold of FM wave.
14.Discuss in brief about Pre-emphasis.
15.Discuss in brief about De-emphasis.
16.Explain Noise in phase modulation and derive the expression to calculate the Figure of Merit.
17.Compare AM and PM on the basis of Noise performance.
18.The received signal power in an AM signal with a modulating signal of frequency 5 KHz is 10-12ω and receiver input noise PSD is 10-20ω/Hz. Assuming the noise power to be restricted to the message signal band width. Find input signal to noise ratio at the input receiver.
19.In a DSB-SC system, the signal is extending from 97 KHz to 103 KHz with a carrier frequency of 100 KHz. If the received signal power is 80 Pω, and the noise PSD at the receiver input is 10-14 ω/Hz, find the output signal to noise ratio.
20.Calculate the transmission bandwidth and the required transmitter power of DSB-SC, SSB-SC and AM-DSB with carrier systems for transmitting an audio signal, which has a Bandwidth of 15 KHz with an So/No of 50 db. The channel introduces a 40 db power loss and the channel noise is PSD η/2= 10-9 ω/Hz. Assume m2. X2 (t) = 0.5.
21.Prove that narrow band FM offers no improvement in SNR over AM
22.It is given the threshold level for AM is equivalent to the input (SNR)I = 10. Assume this conclusion is also valid for FM. Find the (SNR)o at the threshold level for FM and also find the modulation index β that produces (SNR)o = 30 dB at the threshold.
23.An AM receiver, operating with a sinusoidal modulating signal and 30% modulation, has output SNR of 30dB. Find the corresponding carrier-to-noise ratio. By how many dB can we decrease the carrier-to-noise ratio so that the system is operating just above threshold?
24.Given an FM broadcast system with parameter Δf = 75 kHz and B =15 kHz. Assuming Sx
= ½, find the output SNR and calculate the improvement (in dB) over the base band system.
25.Prove that the performance of an SSB modulation system using synchronous detection is equivalent to the performance of both DSB and base band system.
UNIT-VI (TRANSMITTERS)
1.Name the constituent stages of A.M. radio transmitter and briefly give the function of each stage.
2.What are the main requirements of a radio transmitter regarding the carrier frequency? Briefly discuss these requirements.
3.Enumerate the precautions necessary in the design and operation of an L-C oscillator for use as a Master oscillator in a radio transmitter.
4.Draw the block diagram of SSB transmitter using filters for side band suppression and explain its working.
5.Give the block diagram of radio telegraph transmitter using on-off keying.
6.Describe the principle methods of on-off keying.
7.Give the block diagram and describe the working of FSK transmitter.
8.Give the reason for keying transients due to amplitude on-off keying. How can these keying transients be kept below?
9.Draw the block diagram and describe the working of a simple FM transmitter using reactance modulator.
10.What are the principle of sources of frequency drift in reactance modulator FM transmitter and how can such a drift be reduced.
11.Draw the circuit and explain the working of reactance modulator FM transmitter using AFC frequency stabilization.
12.Give the principle of Armstrong method of frequency modulation.
13.What are the Sources of distortion in Armstrong method and how to reduce it
14.Draw the block diagram of Armstrong FM transmitter and describe its working
15.Classify Radio transmitters in detail
16.What is class C Amplifier? Explain its use in radio transmitters
17.Distinguish between AM and Fm Radio. List out their applications
18.Explain the necessity of buffer and driver amplifiers in radio transmitters
19.Draw the block diagram of an SSB-SC transmitter employing side band suppression filter and explain.
20.Explain what happens to the carrier and side bands when passing the AM or FM signal through a mixer as compared to a frequency multiplier
21.A transmitter has carrier output power 100w and an efficiency of 75%. How much power is supplied by the modulating amplifier for 100% modulation and 50 % modulation
22.A collector modulated class-C amplifier has output power of 1000w and an efficiency of 80%. Determine the dc supply power and power dissipation for 100% modulation
23.An SSB transmitter with carrier amplitude of 10 v is being tested using triangular modulating signal with peak voltage of 0.5v. The transmitter is connected to a dummy load of 50 Ω. Calculate the actual power dissipated into load
24.A direct FM transmitter has reactance modulator with frequency sensitivity Kf = 2 KHz/v and a peak deviation of 500 Hz. This modulator is followed by a buffer and doubler, Tripler followed by a power amplifier. Find the Oscillator frequency if the transmitter is to operate at a carrier frequency of 150 MHz
25.A carrier wave of frequency 1 MHz is modulated 50% by a sine wave of 5 KHz. The resulting AM signal is passed through a parallel resonant circuit (RLC) tuned to carrier frequency and has Q = 175.Determine the percentage modulation of the output signal.
26.In the transmitter reactance modulator, the input resistance of transistor is 500 ohms with β = 100.What is the equivalent capacitance? If β swings from 50 to 120, what are the values of minimum and maximum values of capacitance? The circuit has R2 = 10 KΩ, C2 = 1000 pf.
27.A given AM broadcast station transmits a total power of 50 kw for single tone modulation with m=0.7071. Find Carrier power and transmission efficiency
28.Compare low level modulation and high level modulation of radio transmitters
29.What is electromagnetic spectrum? List out the frequency bands, their channel characteristics, frequencies and applications.
30.Why are limiters and Pre emphasis filters used in FM radio transmitters
UNIT-VII (RECEIVERS)
1. Draw the block diagram and explain the working of a TRF receiver. List out its advantages and disadvantages.
2. Explain the working principle of a super heterodyne receiver with the help of neat block diagram
3. Explain the necessity of a mixer in a receiver. Give a circuit schematic and explain
4. Draw the block diagram and explain the operation of an ISB receiver.
5. Draw the block diagram of Super heterodyne receiver designed to receive FM signals and explain its working
6. Discuss the need for limiter and de-emphasis circuit in FM receivers
7. Illustrate the FM detection by a PLL with the help of its Schematic
8. With a neat sketch, explain the working of a communication receiver
9. What are the special features of communications receiver? Brief them
10. Draw the squelch circuit and explain its operation
11. Explain the operation of a noise limiter in FM receivers?
12. Describe the fading phenomenon and its types in detail.
13. What is meant by diversity reception? Explain different techniques
14. Discuss the capture effect in detail. List out its advantages and disadvantages
15. Explain the differences between AM and FM receivers
16. Explain the IF amplifier circuit and its purpose in the receiver
17. Draw the two stage IF amplifier and explain its operation
18. Explain about spurious responses in radio receivers and how they can be reduced
19.When a super heterodyne receiver is tuned to 555KHz, its local oscillator provides the mixer with an input at 1010KHz, what is the image frequency? The antenna at receiver is connected to mixer via a tuned circuit whose loaded Q is 40. What will be rejection ratio for the calculated image frequency?
20. Calculate the image rejection of a receiver having an RF amplifier, and a 455 KHz IF with Q’s of relevant coils as 65 at an incoming frequency of 120 KHz and 20 MHz.
21. Calculate the image rejection of a double conversion receiver, which has a first IF of 2 MHz and a Second IF of 200 KHz, an RF amplifier whose tuned circuit has a Q of 75and which is tuned to a 30 MHZ signal.
22. Bring out the advantages of a dual gate MOSFET over BJT for use in radio circuits
23. List out the consequences of choosing the IF very high and very low
24. Write a short notes on Notch filters
25. Explain the procedure for LO Tuned circuit alignment
26. Explain the importance of AVC and explain its operation
27. Explain various types of Tone control circuits
28. What are the special features of DAGC
29. Explain the advantages of RF stage and explain the action of RF amplifier
30. Explain the purpose and working of Tracking Circuits
UNIT-VIII (PULSE MODULATION)
1. What is Time Division Multiplexing? Explain in detail
2. What is meant by Pulse Amplitude Modulation and explain any one-modulation technique in detail
3. What is meant by Pulse Width Modulation Explain the generation of Pulse width modulation?
4. What is meant by Pulse Width Modulation Explain the demodulation of Pulse width modulation?
5. What is meant by Pulse Positon Modulation Explain the generation of Pulse Position modulation?
6. What is meant by Pulse Position Modulation Explain the demodulation of Pulse Position modulation?
7. Compare the performance of PAM, PWM, and PPM
8. What is Pulse modulation? Explain in brief various types of pulse modulation with neat sketches.
9. Explain in brief about Bit interleaving in TDM.
10. What is Multiplexing? Compare FDM and TDM.
11.Explain the PAM Noise performance
12. What is Sampling. Derive Sampling Theorem for Band pass Signals.
13. Explain the generation of PAM Signal using Diode Bridge Modulator.
14. Explain the generation of PAM Signal using Sample and Hold Circuit
15. Explain the generation of PAM Signal using transistor Modulator
16. Explain how to demodulate PAM Signal using Equalizer
17. Explain how to demodulate PAM Signal using a Holding circuit
18. Explain the generation of PWM Signal using Monostable Multivibrator.
19.Compare Analog Modulation and Pulse modulation.
20. Explain Natural Sampling with neat sketches
21. Explain Flat Top Sampling with neat sketches.
22. Derive the equation to calculate the Channel bandwidth for a PAM Signal.
23. Explain Single polarity and Double Polarity PAM techniques
24. Consider a signal m(t) = 10 Cos1000πt. Cos 4000πt. Find the minimum sampling rate based on sampling theorem for low pass and band pass signals.

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